Pilocytic astrocytoma of the cerebellopontine angle: a rare case

Abstract

Background

Pilocytic astrocytomas are the most common primary brain tumors in children. Most of the lesions occur in or near the midline. They are rare in extra-axial locations.

Case presentation

We report a 23-year-old lady who was found to have progressive right-sided sensorineural hearing loss and features of raised intracranial pressure due to a pilocytic astrocytoma of the right cerebellopontine angle. After an extensive Medline search, we could find only three cases of primary extra-axial pilocytic astrocytoma of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) reported till now.

Conclusion

Even a rare occurrence, primary pilocytic astrocytoma, and in general gliomas, should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of CPA lesions.

Background

Pilocytic astrocytomas (PA) are the most common primary brain tumors in children. Approximately, 80% of PA occurs in the first two decades of life. Most of the lesions occur in or near the midline. Common locations include the cerebellum, the optic nerve and chiasm, and the hypothalamus. They are rare in extra-axial locations.

After an extensive Medline search, we could find only three cases of primary extra-axial pilocytic astrocytoma of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) reported till now [1,2,3]. We recently encountered a right CPA pilocytic astrocytoma arising from the eighth cranial nerve, completely separated from the brain stem in a 23-year-old lady. The provisional diagnoses on preoperative neuroimaging included arachnoid cyst versus cystic schwannoma.

Case presentation

A 23-year-old female presented with 1.5 years of progressive right-sided sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and features of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) like headache and vomiting for 3 months. Signs of cerebellar compression like dysdiadochokinesia and past pointing were present on the right side. Her tandem gait was impaired with swaying toward the right side. No clinical evidence of any other cranial nerve involvement. She had no features of Neurofibromatosis (NF). Pure tone audiometry showed right-sided severe SNHL.

Magnetic resonance (MR) study

The brain MR showed well defined, extra-axial cystic appearing lesion of 29 × 35 × 25 mm seen in the right CPA cistern. The mass is hypointense on T1 and FLAIR, hyperintense on T2 without restricted diffusion and no contrast enhancement. The provisional diagnoses included arachnoid cyst versus cystic schwannoma (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1

Extra-axial cystic appearing lesion seen in the right CPA cistern. The mass is hypointense on T1, hyperintense on T2 with no contrast enhancement

Surgery

With intraoperative neuromonitoring, a right retromastoid sub-occipital (RMSO) craniotomy was performed. On exposure, there was a completely cystic mass. No solid component was visualized. The arachnoid plane was well preserved all around between the mass and the cerebellum. The mass was arising from the eighth cranial nerve and was completely separated from the brain stem. Under the microscope, a gross total resection was accomplished. The content of the cyst was clear colorless resembling cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Pathology

The histopathological examination revealed glial tissue along with a fibro-collagenous cyst wall. The glial tissue appeared mildly cellular showing regimented nuclei focally with few eosinophilic granular bodies and an occasional Rosenthal fiber. The individual cells were elongated with bipolar processes and bland nuclei. No mitosis or necrosis or atypia was seen. Features consistent with pilocytic astrocytoma (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2

a High power photomicrograph showing a low grade glial tumor with focal increase in cellularity and cells arranged in Indian file pattern (× 400). b Another photograph (below) showing Rosenthal fibers and eosinophilic granular bodies (× 400)

Postoperative course

Immediately postoperatively, the features of raised ICP were relieved but the hearing loss remained unchanged. There were no new postoperative deficits. At 3 months follow-up, there was a significant improvement in hearing loss and the patient had no other complaints.

Discussion

Pilocytic astrocytomas are the most common primary brain tumors in children. They are classified as WHO grade I tumors because of their benign and slow-growing nature [4]. They represent 85% of cerebellar and 10% of cerebral astrocytomas [5]. Approximately, 15% of patients with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) develop PA [6].

Peak incidence is between 5 and 15 years of age. Approximately, 80% of PA occurs in patients less than 20 years [7]. There is no sex predilection.

Most of the lesions occur in or near the midline. Common locations include the cerebellum, the optic nerve and chiasm, and the hypothalamus. Less common locations include basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebral hemispheres, and spinal cord [8]. They are rare in extra-axial locations. After an extensive Medline search, we could find only three cases of primary extra-axial pilocytic astrocytoma of the CPA reported till now. Two of them were seen in adults and one in a 12 year old boy. All of them presented with progressive hearing loss and mimicked cystic schwannoma. In all three cases, the tumor was adhered to the cochlear and vestibular nerves. In two of them, the nerves had to be sacrificed for gross total resection, while in one case the mass could be resected without nerve sacrifice. In our case, gross total resection was accomplished without any nerve sacrifice.

Microscopically, PA displays low cellularity with a typical biphasic pattern: compacted bipolar cells with Rosenthal fibers and loose-textured multipolar cells with granular bodies and microcysts.

On Computed Tomography (CT), PAs are typically discrete localized cystic and solid masses located in the posterior fossa. The solid components of these tumors are iso-to slightly hypodense compared with the adjacent brain on non-contrast CT and nearly always enhance following contrast administration. 20–30% of PAs may be entirely solid [9]. Calcification is present in up to 20% [10]. Hemorrhage is rare.

On MR, the solid components of these tumors appear iso-to slightly hypointense relative to grey matter, while the cyst contents are iso-to slightly hyperintense to CSF on T1 weighted images. On T2 weighted images, the solid portions are hyperintense to grey matter. Cyst contents are slightly hyperintense relative to CSF on both T2 weighted images and FLAIR [5]. Peritumoral edema is not usually present. Virtually, all these tumors enhance and enhancement is usually intense but heterogeneous. Cyst wall enhancement may also be seen.

The definitive therapy for PAs is the complete resection of the tumors. The recurrence-free survival rates after gross total resection are higher than 90% [11, 12]. Radiotherapy (RT) can be used as adjuvant treatment in residual tumors or surgically inaccessible tumors such as brainstem/thalamic/optic nerve Pas [13]. However, in young children chemotherapy has been used to delay the need for RT because of well-documented side effects like neurocognitive and neuroendocrine deficits [14, 15].

Conclusions

Pilocytic astrocytomas are rarely seen as primary extra-axial tumors of the cerebellopontine angle. Here, we presented a 23-year-old female with such a lesion who underwent surgical resection of the lesion with postoperative neurological improvement. This case highlights that even if a rare occurrence, primary pilocytic astrocytoma, and in general gliomas, should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of CPA lesions.