Stereotactic direct-coiling of aneurysms—a feasibility study

Abstract

Aim of the study

Endovascular coiling has gained worldwide acceptance in the management of intracranial aneurysms. However, not all aneurysms can be coiled. Direct aneurysm puncture with aneurysm thrombosis has been performed, using coils for extracranial aneurysms and iron filings for intracranial aneurysms. Therefore, the feasibility of stereotactic aneurysm coiling with direct aneurysm puncture using Nester-coils was studied in an in vitro model.

Methods and findings

Twenty-eight aneurysms measuring 9–21 mm in diameters (median 14 mm) were made using 0.1 mm vinyl film that was connected to a monometer with 73 cm of water column. Twenty-three aneurysms were coiled through direct puncture of the aneurysms using a stereotactic frame. Five were coiled using a hand-held probe carrier.

Statistical analysis of the data was conducted by data analysis feature of Microsoft Excel.

Findings

The study showed that needle puncture of the aneurysm and coiling of the aneurysm through the needle can be done with ease and without any significant fluid leak from the puncture site. It also shows that the coil will stay within the aneurysm without entering the neck. The study also shows that this method can be done using free-hand technique. Furthermore, it shows that the probe holder for the needle can also be used as an aneurysm stabilizer and as a tamponade.

Introduction

Background

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the most dangerous neurological condition with incidence of 7.9 per 100,000 population [1]. The mortality rate for this condition is 45%, and in those who survive, there is a high rate of severe morbidity. Thirty percent of patients will rebleed within the first month. This further worsens the prognosis. Therefore, early obliteration of the aneurysm is needed.

There are two principal modalities to treat this condition. One method is to clip the neck of the aneurysm. This requires brain retraction, which can be dangerous if the patient also has brain swelling and/or vasospasm. The other method is endovascular coiling of the aneurysmal sac. The complications of this procedure include perforation of the aneurysm, incomplete occlusion of the aneurysm, and ischemic complication [2]. A major advantage of the endovascular method is that it is a percutaneous procedure and that can be safely performed in the presence of brain swelling. In a randomized trial in patients with good clinical status that had aneurysmal rupture, coiling had better results than clipping [3]. Endovascular obliteration, therefore, is a preferred method in many centers.

Aim of the study

Though the current methods are good and have worldwide acceptance, they have their limitations. Not all aneurysms are suitable for coiling, because of the vascular anatomy or intra-vascular pathology. Vasospasm and brain swelling can prevent early clipping, or clipping may not be possible due to severe scarring around the aneurysm or due to complex perianeurysmal vasculature. In addition, in some hospitals, an endovascular facility may not be available. Therefore, the aim of the study is to determine if it is feasible to directly coil the aneurysm via direct puncture using stereotactic or free-hand technique.

Existing literature

Direct aneurysm puncture with embolization of visceral and extracranial aneurysms has been reported by Dik et al. [4] in 10 cases. Nine of them were pseudoaneurysms and 1 was real. Glue (6 cases), coils (3 cases), and thrombin (1 case) were used as embolic agents. The authors concluded that it was as efficacious as the endovascular method. Berkman et al. [5] performed coiling of a giant internal carotid artery aneurysm in the neck via direct puncture. Smith and Alksne [6] reported stereotactic aneurysm thrombosis with carbonyl iron powder suspended in methyl methacrylate polymer in 15 patients via direct puncture.

Patil et al. in 1984 [7] reported direct coiling of experimentally created external carotid artery aneurysms in 10 dogs using polypropylene coil and methyl methacrylate polymer, with complete thrombosis of the aneurysm without any complication. In 1986 [8], they created abdominal aorta aneurysms using vein grafts in 75 rats. These aneurysms were then thrombosed using a 22-gauge RF needle. None of the aneurysms bled from the needle puncture.

A necessity for this study is that though there are few reports of coiling visceral and extracranial aneurysm via direct aneurysm puncture, there is none for intracranial aneurysm. Unlike visceral and extracranial aneurysms, intracranial aneurysms are smaller and have thin and fragile walls. Therefore, a feasibility study was required to study this approach using experimental aneurysms with an extremely thin wall.

Methods/experimental

The aim and design setting

The aim of the design was to create aneurysms of extremely thin material and maintain pressure within it that would mimic intracranial intra-aneurysmal pressure. To reduce fluid leak, the smallest possible gauge of needle that is capable of transmitting coils was used. Nester coils (Cook Medical, Bloomington Indian, USA) 5 and 10 cm in expanded length and coil diameter of 5 mm were used for the study.

Materials and setting

Twenty-eight aneurysms measuring 9–21 mm in diameters (median 14 mm) and a neck of 3.6 mm (inner diameter) were made using 0.1 mm vinyl film. The aneurysm was connected to a monometer with 73 cm of water column. Twenty-three aneurysms were coiled using a stereotactic frame. Five were treated using free-hand technique.

Method

A stereotactic frame was used to target a point on the dome of the aneurysm. The probe-holder had an outer diameter of 3.9 mm and an inner diameter of 0.819 mm. A stopper was used to limit the exposed needle tip to 3 mm distal to the probe holder. The probe holder was lowered until it touched the dome of the aneurysm. A 15-cm, 21-gauge, trocar-needle was inserted through the probe holder to place its tip into the aneurysm (Fig. 1). Upon entering the aneurysm, a pop was felt, and fluid egressed from the hub of the needle. One to 4 coils (5 mm in diameter and 5 cm in length) were pushed into the aneurysm by means of a stylet (Fig. 2). In two aneurysms, coils with a coil diameter of 5 mm and length of 10 cm were used. In 15 procedures, the coils were pre-loaded into needle used for aneurysm puncture (15 procedures) prior to puncturing the aneurysms and in 13 procedures the coils were loaded into the needle used for puncturing the aneurysm after the aneurysm was punctured using another needle that had pre-loaded coils. In both situations, if additional coil were needed for insertion, they were put into the puncturing needle while it was still in the aneurysm using another needle with pre-loaded coils.

Fig. 1

Shows in vitro set-up of the experiment set

Fig. 2

Shows the coil in the aneurysm

In 5 studies, aneurysms were punctured using free-hand technique. First, the probe holder was placed on the surface of the dome of the aneurysm (Fig. 3). Next, the needle tip was inserted into the aneurysms. Next, the coli(s) coils were pushed into them, using the technique described above.

Fig. 3

A free-hand aneurysm coiling procedure. The probe holder has stabilized the aneurysm

No attempt was made to totally pack the sac, and at the conclusion of the experiments, fluid from the aneurysm was sucked out using a 10-ml syringe. The aneurysm was then cut opened to see if any of the coils entered the neck.

Fluid leak at the puncture site was recorded in terms of the number of drops. One drop of fluid was taken to be 61.60 μl.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was done using t test two-sample assuming unequal variance was done using the data analysis feature of Microsoft Excel.

Results

Direct aneurysmal coiling was successful in all cases (Table 1). It was easy to push the coil through the needle into the aneurysm using the stylet. It was also easy to load additional coils into the needle using the loading needle (that was pre-loaded with coils). The probe-holder acted as a tamponade and minimized fluid leak from the puncture site.

Table 1 Direct aneurysmal coiling

The average fluid loss at the puncture site was 40.17 μl, which is significantly less than the average volume of aneurysm 2052.71 μl (t22 = − 7.688, p value = 0.000). The average diameter of aneurysm treated with 1 coil was 15.024 mm, and those treated with multiple coils was 15.733 mm. There was not statistically different (t11 = − 0.540, p value = 0.300) in size. However, the average fluid loss at the puncture in those treated with multiple coils was 0 μl, compared to those with single-coil implant 55.353 μl (t16 = 3.453, p value = 0.002). None of the coils entered the neck

Discussion

In this study, to mimic the pressure within a true aneurysm, the pressure within the aneurysm was raised to 73 cm of water (54 mmHg) using a monometer that was connected to the neck of the aneurysm. It is hard to mimic the wall of an aneurysmal wall because no two aneurysms have the same thickness or elasticity. The authors, therefore, chose 0.1 mm thickness vinyl membrane to form the aneurysm. A trocar-tipped needle was used to penetrate the aneurysm because it needs the least force for penetration [9]. The needle was 21 G because the available coils can easily pass through it

Nester push-able coils were used because they were MRI compatible. They had coil length from 3 to 20 cm and coil diameters from 2 to 20 mm. Furthermore, they can be easily pushed through a 21-gauge needle. The available sizes make it possible to coil aneurysms with wide neck and large domes. Since the neck of the experimental aneurysms was 3.5 mm in this study, we used a coil diameter of 5 mm. Although the coils were inserted through the dome, none of the coils entered the neck.

There is always a concern if this in vitro study will successfully translate into in vivo clinical experience. Since aneurysms do rupture spontaneously, it is possible that even a small pressure on it can cause it to rupture. Therefore, the biggest concern about stereotactic aneurysm coiling, is, aneurysm rupture during needle puncture. However, the present study shows that leaks at the puncture site is minimal and none when multiple coils are implanted. Furthermore, it is common practice to needle aneurysm after it is clipped to determine if the clipping is complete. No adverse result has been reported from this method.

In the series published by Smith et al. [6], stereotactic aneurysm punctures were done to inject thrombogenic material into the aneurysms. There is no incidence of aneurysm rupture in this series. In addition, in a previous study by Patil et al. [8], 75 experimentally created aneurysms on rats’ abdominal aorta were punctured with RF-probe to thrombose the aneurysm. None of the aneurysms ruptured during the puncture. The abovementioned reports, therefore, suggest that the risk of rupture from aneurysmal puncture is small. This risk is further reduced by the probe-holder which stabilized the aneurysm and acts as a tamponade. In addition, the stereotactic frame will give a rigid hold to the probe. This would enable a stable end-on entry of the needle into the aneurysm (Fig. 4). Furthermore, the anatomy of perianeurysmal vasculature can be extremely complex. Therefore, there is always a risk of injury to the perforating vessels around aneurysms. Proper planning of the trajectory, using a CT angiogram, would reduce this risk. In addition, a rigid endoscope can be stereotactically inserted to a point just above the dome of the aneurysm prior to the insertion of the needle, to visualize the surface of the aneurysm.

Fig. 4

Clinical set-up for stereotactic coiling

Stereotactic approach offers several advantages. Good trajectory planning allows the surgeon to choose a path that is safe. Similarly, the safest possible entry point into the dome of the aneurysm can be chosen. The method does not need brain retraction and can be performed even if there is severe arterial spasm.

Direct aneurysm coiling can also be done through open craniotomy; if it looks like the clipping is going to be difficult due to complex anatomy, severe scarring, or vasospasm. The probe-holder can be stabilized and placed on the dome of the aneurysm using free-hand technique or a retractor holder. The only exposure needed, is some part of the dome. The neck of the aneurysm need not be visualized or dissected; the perforating vessels adjacent to the aneurysm need not be disturbed. This would reduce retraction and operating time, and post-operative vascular spasm. This method could also be used to implant “the web device” [10].

There is are distinct advantages of direct coiling over endovascular coiling. There is a much shorter path for the coil to travel with direct coiling compared to endovascular coiling. This theoretically reduces the risk of the procedure. Furthermore, on the long path, the catheter used for coiling can cause damage to the vessel it is traveling. The risks include dissection, perforation, or intimal tear with clot formation. In direct puncture, the course is short and there is direct passage of the coil into the aneurysm. Furthermore, in endovascular procedures, coils are pushed through the neck towards the dome, which is the weaker part of the aneurysm. This could cause aneurysm perforation [2]. With direct aneurysm coiling, coils are pushed away from the dome. This could lessen the chance of aneurysm rupture during the procedure. However, there still exists the risk for pushing the coil into the neck. In this study, none of the coils entered the neck. This could be because the coil diameter was larger than the neck. This risk would cease to exist if, “the web device” is used.

Conclusion

This feasibility study was done in an in vitro model to determine the ease and safety of doing stereotactic direct coiling of intracranial aneurysms. The study shows that needle puncture and coiling of the aneurysm through the needle can be done with ease and without any significant fluid leak from the puncture site. It also shows that if the coil diameter is larger than the neck of the aneurysm, the coil will not enter the neck. The study also shows that this method can be done using free-hand technique. Furthermore, it shows that the probe holder for the needle can also be used as an aneurysm stabilizer and as a tamponade.