Fig. 1

Fluoroscopic images showing; A the location of vertebral artery passing lateral to the atlantoaxial joint and the dense centralized between both atlantoaxial joints in “open-mouth view”. The needle can be seen inside the atlantoaxial joint. B oblique lateral view of the cervical spine showing the pedicles of vertebrae and C2-3 through C7-T1 neural foramina with the tip of the needle at the posterior aspect of C7-T1 foramen dorsal to C8 nerve root. C Antero-posterior view of lumbar spine with ring apophyses of L5 squared up to obtained a true AP view. The spinous process is centralized between both pedicles which appear as two rounded hyper dense areas at superior aspect of L5 vertebra bilaterally. D The relation of the exiting nerve root to the corresponding pedicle. The tip of the needle can be seen inferior to the pedicle for transforaminal injection. (Constructed from [20])