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Table 1 Overview of past reported cases of occipital encephalocele

From: Giant occipital encephalocele: a case report, surgical and anesthetic challenge and review of literature

Case No

Year

Age

Site

Associated Findings

Surgery

1 [18]

2002

26 days

Occipital

No brain tissue in the sac, hydrocephalus

Excision; second surgery; VP shunt

2 [18]

2002

3 months

Occipital

Hydrocephalus

VP shunt; surgical excision and repair

3 [18]

2003

10 days

Occipital

No associated findings

Surgical excision and repair

4 [18]

2003

9 months

Occipital

Polygyria; microgyria; craniostenosis

Surgical excision and repair; craniotomy; cranioplasty by autologous bone

5 [18]

2004

2 ½ months

Occipital

Hydrocephalus

VP shunt; surgical excision and repair

6 [18]

2005

4 months

Occipital

Hydrocephalus; craniostenosis

Surgical excision and repair; craniectomy

7 [18]

2005

5 months

Occipital

Hydrocephalus; craniostenosis

Surgical excision and repair; craniectomy and cranioplasty

8 [18]

2006

3 months

Occipital

No hydrocephalus; craniostenosis

Craniectomy; excision; cranioplasty by methyl methacrylate

9 [18]

2007

1 month

Occipital

Hydrocephalus

VP shunt; Surgical excision and repair

10 [18]

2008

1 year

Occipital

Hydrocephalus

Surgical excision and repair. VP shunt 4th day

11 [18]

2008

4 years

Occipital

No associated findings

Repair of encephalocele

12 [18]

2009

4 months

Occipital

Microcephaly; craniostenosis; small bony defect

Surgical excision and repair; craniectomy

13 [18]

2009

20 days

Occipital

Microcephaly

Surgical excision and repair; patient had intraoperative hypothermia

14 [12]

2010

4 months

Occipital

No associated findings

Sac was opened. The herniated brain tissue looked redundant. The sac was reduced in size, sufficient enough to accommodate the healthy-looking brain tissue. The skin was closed with interrupted sutures

15 [4]

2014

14 days

Occipital

History of limb weakness. There was no bladder and bowel dysfunction

Under general anesthesia with prone position excision and repair of sac was done

16 [3]

2014

1 month

Occipital

No associated findings

The dysplastic portion of the occipital lobe was removed, and tight dural closure was achieved in two layers

17 [11]

2014

6 day

Occipital

Delayed cry at birth, hypotonic with decreased spontaneous movements and had respiratory distress

Dysplastic cerebellar tissue with a herniated sac was excised, and the primary closure of the defect was performed

18 [17]

2016

7 months

Occipital

Craniosynostosis

Excision and repair of sac with strip craniectomy of sagittal and lambdoid suture

19 [15]

2016

40 days

Occipital

Persistent elevation of serum potassium levels

The child underwent complete surgical excision and repair of the meningoencephalocele

20 [20]

2016

 < 1 month

Occipital

Posterior cerebellar artery and basilar artery into the defect

Excision and repair

21–22 [20]

2016

 < 1 month

Occipital

No associated findings

Excision and repair

23 [20]

2016

 < 1 month

Occipital

No brain tissue inside the sac, hydrocephalus

Excision and repair

24 [13]

2017

2 months

Occipital

No associated findings

A circumferential incision was given on the swelling with meticulous dissection. The protruded portion of cerebellum was excised, and the dural closure was done

25 [16]

2017

1 day

Occipital

No associated findings

The sac with dysplastic brain tissue was excised and closed in a single layer using continuous suture

26 [16]

2017

1 month

Occipital

No associated findings

The sac was dissected out and the dysplastic brain tissue was excised. The sac was closed in a single layer using continuous suture, skin and subcutaneous tissue was closed

27–55 [19]

2017

5 months (average)

Occipital

Hydrocephalus (19 cases) and delayed milestones (17 cases)

Excision and repair

56 [21]

2018

1 day

Occipital

No associated findings

No associated findings

57 [14]

2019

4 months

Occipital

No associated findings

The encephalocele was excised and the dura was identified, and a watertight closure was carried out

58 [9]

2019

6 months

Occipital

Delayed motor milestones in the form of inability to hold her head

Excision of the redundant neural tissue, and closure of the dura done and skin was reconstructed

59 [10]

2019

10th day

Occipital

No associated findings

A transverse incision was given over the parietal mass followed by surgical excision and repair

60 [6]

2019

3 months

Occipital

The child had a delayed milestone with poor feeding and absent neck holding. ECHO showed the presence of a small 5 mm ASD with L → R shunt

Posterior paramedian incision was given, encephalocele sac along with some brain tissue was excised followed by primary duraplasty